Dalam keseharian orang sering mendengar istilah database, baik dalam lingkungan sekolah, kantor, rumah maupun tempat-tempat lainnya. Bahkan tanpa disadari, orang juga pernah menggunakan suatu sistem data yang bisa dikategorikan sebagai database. Misalnya, sebuah buku alamat yang berisi nama, alamat, nomor telepon yang disusun dalam urutan alfabet.
H. Instalasi dan Konfigurasi Mail Server
Prerequisites (Prasyarat) Topologi Jaringan Gambar Topologi Jaringan Konfigurasi Server dan Client Konfigurasi Server : ————————————————– – Sistem Operasi : Linux Debian (10/11) – IP Address NIC 1 : DHCP Internet – Gateway : DHCP Internet – Hostname : ns100 (Gantilah angka 100 dengan nomer absen anda masing-masing) – Domain : sekolah100.sch.id (Gantilah angka 100 dengan nomer absen anda masing-masing) – IP Address NIC 2 : 192.168.100.1/24 (Gantilah angka 100 dengan nomer absen anda masing-masing) Konfigurasi Client : ————————————————– – Sistem Operasi : Windows – IP Address : DHCP Seting Server DHCP Server Pastikan instalasi dan konfigurasi DHCP server sudah berjalan dengan baik DNS Server Pastikan instalasi dan konfigurasi DNS server sudah berjalan dengan baik WEB Server Pastikan instalasi dan konfigurasi WEB server sudah berjalan dengan baik DATABASE Server Pastikan instalasi dan konfigurasi DATABASE server sudah berjalan dengan baik Instalasi dan Konfigurasi MAIL Server Update konfigurasi DNS Server (BIND) Login sebagai user root login as: root root@192.168.100.1’s password: Linux ns100 4.19.0-17-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 4.19.194-3 (2022-02-09) x86_64 The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software; the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright. Update konfigurasi BIND Edit file zona domain (db.sekolah100) root@ns100:~# nano /etc/bind/db.sekolah100 ; ; BIND data file for local loopback interface ; $TTL 604800 @ IN SOA sekolah100.sch.id. root.sekolah100.sch.id. ( 2 ; Serial 604800 ; Refresh 86400 ; Retry 2419200 ; Expire 604800 ) ; Negative Cache TTL ; @ IN NS ns100.sekolah100.sch.id. @ IN MX 10 mail.sekolah100.sch.id. @ IN A 192.168.100.1 ;@ IN AAAA ::1 ns100 IN A 192.168.100.1 mail IN A 192.168.100.1 www IN CNAME sekolah100.sch.id. Edit file zona reverse IP (db.192) root@ns100:~# nano /etc/bind/db.192 ; ; BIND reverse data file for local loopback interface ; $TTL 604800 @ IN SOA sekolah100.sch.id. root.sekolah100.sch.id. ( 1 ; Serial 604800 ; Refresh 86400 ; Retry 2419200 ; Expire 604800 ) ; Negative Cache TTL ; @ IN NS ns100.sekolah100.sch.id. 1 IN PTR sekolah100.sch.id. 1 IN PTR mail.sekolah100.sch.id. Restart service DNS root@ns100:~# /etc/init.d/bind9 restart [ ok ] Restarting bind9 (via systemctl): bind9.service. Uji perubahan konfigurasi BIND yang telah dilakukan menggunakan tool nslookup.Ketik nslookup lalu tekan EnterKetik mail.sekolah100.sch.id lalu tekan EnterKetik 192.168.100.1 lalu tekan EnterKetik exit lalu tekan Enter untuk keluar dari tool nslookupPastikan hasilnya seperti berikut ini: root@ns100:~# nslookup > mail.sekolah100.sch.id Server: 127.0.0.1 Address: 127.0.0.1#53 Name: mail.sekolah100.sch.id Address: 192.168.100.1 > > 192.168.100.1 1.100.168.192.in-addr.arpa name = mail.sekolah100.sch.id. 1.100.168.192.in-addr.arpa name = sekolah100.sch.id. > > exit root@ns100:~# Install paket Mail Server root@ns100:~# apt install postfix dovecot-imapd dovecot-pop3d Reading package lists… Done Building dependency tree Reading state information… Done The following additional packages will be installed: dovecot-core libexttextcat-2.0-0 libexttextcat-data liblua5.3-0 libstemmer0d Suggested packages: dovecot-gssapi dovecot-ldap dovecot-lmtpd dovecot-lucene dovecot-managesieved dovecot-mysql dovecot-pgsql dovecot-sieve dovecot-solr dovecot-sqlite dovecot-submissiond ntp ufw procmail postfix-mysql postfix-pgsql postfix-ldap postfix-pcre postfix-lmdb postfix-sqlite postfix-cdb mail-reader postfix-doc The following NEW packages will be installed: dovecot-core dovecot-imapd dovecot-pop3d libexttextcat-2.0-0 libexttextcat-data liblua5.3-0 libstemmer0d postfix 0 upgraded, 8 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 8,025 kB of archives. After this operation, 19.3 MB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y Get:2 http://mirror.smkn1klaten.sch.id/debian buster/main amd64 libexttextcat-2.0-0 amd64 3.4.5-1 [15.9 kB] Get:3 http://mirror.smkn1klaten.sch.id/debian buster/main amd64 liblua5.3-0 amd64 5.3.3-1.1 [120 kB] Processing triggers for rsyslog (8.1901.0-1) … Processing triggers for systemd (241-7~deb10u8) … Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.5-2) … Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.28-10) … Processing triggers for dovecot-core (1:2.3.4.1-5+deb10u6) … root@ns100:~# Tekan [Enter] Gunakan tombol panah atas atau bawah untuk memilih Internet Site, kemudian gunakan tombol TAB untuk memilih [ok] lalu tekan [Enter] Pastikan nama dari System mail name sesuai dengan aturan (FQDN) Pilih [ok] lalu tekan [Enter] Konfigurasi Postfix root@ns100:~# dpkg-reconfigure postfix Pilih [ok] lalu tekan [Enter] Pilih Internet Site lalu tekan [Enter] Pilih [ok] lalu tekan [Enter] Pilih [ok] lalu tekan [Enter] Pilih [ok] lalu tekan [Enter] Pilih [No] lalu tekan [Enter] Tambahkan atau tuliskan IP address 0.0.0.0/0 lalu pilih [ok] dan tekan [Enter] Pilih [ok] lalu tekan [Enter] Pilih [ok] lalu tekan [Enter] Pilih ipv4 kemudian pilih [Ok] lalu tekan [Enter] setting myorigin setting destinations: ns100.sekolah100.sch.id, ns100.sekolah100.sch.id, localhost.sekolah100.sch.id, , localhost setting relayhost: setting mynetworks: 127.0.0.0/8 [::ffff:127.0.0.0]/104 [::1]/128 0.0.0.0/0 setting mailbox_size_limit: 0 setting recipient_delimiter: + setting inet_interfaces: all setting inet_protocols: ipv4 WARNING: /etc/aliases exists, but does not have a root alias. Postfix (main.cf) is now set up with the changes above. If you need to make changes, edit /etc/postfix/main.cf (and others) as needed. To view Postfix configuration values, see postconf(1). After modifying main.cf, be sure to run ‘service postfix reload’. Running newaliases root@ns100:~# Tambahkan home_mailbox = Maildir/ di baris paling akhir dari file main.cf root@ns100:~# nano /etc/postfix/main.cf smtpd_relay_restrictions = permit_mynetworks permit_sasl_authenticated defer_un$ myhostname = ns100.sekolah100.sch.id alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases myorigin = /etc/mailname mydestination = ns100.sekolah100.sch.id, ns100.sekolah100.sch.id, localhost.sek$ relayhost = mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8 [::ffff:127.0.0.0]/104 [::1]/128 0.0.0.0/0 mailbox_size_limit = 0 recipient_delimiter = + inet_interfaces = all inet_protocols = ipv4 home_mailbox = Maildir/ Hilangkan tanda # pada baris listen = * root@ns100:~# pico /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf # A comma separated list of IPs or hosts where to listen in for connections. # “*” listens in all IPv4 interfaces, “::” listens in all IPv6 interfaces. # If you want to specify non-default ports or anything more complex, # edit conf.d/master.conf. #listen = *, :: listen = * # Base directory where to store runtime data. #base_dir = /var/run/dovecot/ Ubah disable_palintext_auth dari yes menjadi no root@ns100:~# nano /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-auth.conf ## ## Authentication processes ## # Disable LOGIN command and all other plaintext authentications unless # SSL/TLS is used (LOGINDISABLED capability). Note that if the remote IP # matches the local IP (ie. you’re connecting from the same computer), the # connection is considered secure and plaintext authentication is allowed. # See also ssl=required setting. #disable_plaintext_auth = yes disable_plaintext_auth = no Aktifkan lokasi atau letak direktori Mailbox root@ns100:~# nano /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-mail.conf # See doc/wiki/Variables.txt for full list. Some examples: # mail_location = maildir:~/Maildir # mail_location
G. Server-server pada sistem Mail Server
Mail Server atau E-Mail Server adalah perangkat lunak program yang mendistribusikan file atau informasi sebagai respons atas
F. Kelebihan dan Kelemahan Mail Server Pribadi
Menggunakan mail server sendiri bukan mail server dari penyedia platform-platform gratis seperti Google, Yahoo dan lainnya,
E. Protokol Mail Server
Ketika komputer berkomunikasi dengan komputer lain, perlu adanya sebuah aturan dan instruksi yang diikuti oleh setiap komputer.
D. Cara Kerja Mail Server
Konsep Sederhana Cara Kerja e-mail, e-mail akan di kirim dari komputer hyd dengan alamat hyd@yahoo.com kepada paijo, paijo@gmail.com
C. Jenis-jenis Mail Server
Mail server memiliki berbagai jenis-jenis tertentu berdasarkan sistem pengoperasian dan programnya. Beberapa jenis mail server diantaranya adalah :
B. Komponen Mail Server
Komponen mail server penting dimiliki oleh sebuah mail server agar dapat berfungsi maksimal dalam proses menerima dan mengirim email dengan lancar.
A. Pengertian Mail Server
Mail Server Beberapa pengertian tentang mail server :
G. Instalasi dan konfigurasi WEB Server
Prerequisites (Prasyarat) Topologi Jaringan Gambar Topologi Jaringan Konfigurasi Server dan Client Konfigurasi Server : ————————————————– – Sistem Operasi : Linux Debian (10/11) – IP Address NIC 1 : DHCP Internet – Gateway : DHCP Internet – Hostname : ns100 (Gantilah angka 100 dengan nomer absen anda masing-masing) – Domain : sekolah100.sch.id (Gantilah angka 100 dengan nomer absen anda masing-masing) – IP Address NIC 2 : 192.168.100.1/24 (Gantilah angka 100 dengan nomer absen anda masing-masing) Konfigurasi Client : ————————————————– – Sistem Operasi : Windows – IP Address : DHCP Seting Server DHCP Server Pastikan instalasi dan konfigurasi DHCP server sudah berjalan dengan baik DNS Server Pastikan instalasi dan konfigurasi DNS server sudah berjalan dengan baik Instalasi dan Konfigurasi Web Server Install paket Web Server Login sebagai user root login as: root root@192.168.100.1’s password: Linux ns100 4.19.0-17-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 4.19.194-3 (2022-01-12) x86_64 The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software; the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright. Lakukan update dan upgrade debian Buster root@ns100:~# apt update Get:1 http://mirror.smkn1klaten.sch.id/debian buster InRelease [122 kB] Get:2 http://mirror.smkn1klaten.sch.id/debian buster-updates InRelease [51.9 kB] Get:3 http://mirror.smkn1klaten.sch.id/debian-security buster/updates InRelease [65.4 kB] Ign:7 http://mirror.smkn1klaten.sch.id/debian buster/main amd64 Packages Fetched 23.0 MB in 15s (1,528 kB/s) Reading package lists… Done Building dependency tree Reading state information… Done 25 packages can be upgraded. Run ‘apt list –upgradable’ to see them. N: Repository ‘http://mirror.smkn1klaten.sch.id/debian buster InRelease’ changed its ‘Version’ value from ‘10.10’ to ‘10.11’ N: Repository ‘http://mirror.smkn1klaten.sch.id/debian buster InRelease’ changed its ‘Suite’ value from ‘stable’ to ‘oldstable’ N: Repository ‘http://mirror.smkn1klaten.sch.id/debian buster-updates InRelease’ changed its ‘Suite’ value from ‘stable-updates’ to ‘oldstable-updates’ N: Repository ‘http://mirror.smkn1klaten.sch.id/debian-security buster/updates I nRelease’ changed its ‘Suite’ value from ‘stable’ to ‘oldstable’ root@ns100:~# apt upgrade Reading package lists… Done Building dependency tree Reading state information… Done Calculating upgrade… Done The following NEW packages will be installed: linux-image-4.19.0-18-amd64 The following packages will be upgraded: base-files bind9 bind9-host bind9utils debconf debconf-i18n distro-info-data dnsutils krb5-locales libbind9-161 libdns-export1104 libdns1104 libgssapi-krb5-2 libicu63 libirs-export161 libirs161 libisc-export1100 libisc1100 libisccc161 libisccfg-export163 libisccfg163 libk5crypto3 libkrb5-3 libkrb5support0 liblwres161 libssl1.1 linux-image-amd64 openssl python3-debconf tzdata 30 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 67.1 MB of archives. After this operation, 270 MB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y Get:1 http://mirror.smkn1klaten.sch.id/debian buster/main amd64 base-files amd64 10.3+deb10u11 [69.9 kB] Get:2 http://mirror.smkn1klaten.sch.id/debian buster/main amd64 debconf-i18n all 1.5.71+deb10u1 [206 kB] Get:3 http://mirror.smkn1klaten.sch.id/debian buster/main amd64 python3-debconf all 1.5.71+deb10u1 [4,028 B] Preparing to unpack …/17-krb5-locales_1.17-3+deb10u3_all.deb … Unpacking distro-info-data (0.41+deb10u4) over (0.41+deb10u3) … Preparing to unpack …/19-libisc-export1100_1%3a9.11.5.P4+dfsg-5.1+deb10u6_amd64.deb … Unpacking libisc-export1100:amd64 (1:9.11.5.P4+dfsg-5.1+deb10u6) over (1:9.11.5.P4+dfsg-5.1+deb10u5) … Progress: [ 48%] [#########################################………………………………………] Setting up bind9 (1:9.11.5.P4+dfsg-5.1+deb10u6) … bind9-pkcs11.service is a disabled or a static unit not running, not starting it. bind9-resolvconf.service is a disabled or a static unit not running, not starting it. Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.28-10) … root@ns100:~# Instal paket Web server root@ns100:~# apt install apache2 php Reading package lists… Done Building dependency tree Reading state information… Done The following package was automatically installed and is no longer required: linux-image-4.19.0-11-amd64 Use ‘apt autoremove’ to remove it. The following additional packages will be installed: apache2-bin apache2-data apache2-utils libapache2-mod-php7.3 libapr1 php7.3-common php7.3-json php7.3-opcache php7.3-readline psmisc ssl-cert 0 upgraded, 24 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 7,266 kB of archives. After this operation, 28.2 MB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y Get:1 http://mirror.smkn1klaten.sch.id/debian buster/main amd64 libapr1 amd64 1.6.5-1+b1 [102 kB] Get:2 http://mirror.smkn1klaten.sch.id/debian buster/main amd64 libaprutil1 amd64 1.6.1-4 [91.8 kB] Creating config file /etc/php/7.3/mods-available/readline.ini with new version Setting up apache2-bin (2.4.38-3+deb10u7) … update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/phar.phar7.3 to provide /usr/bin/phar.phar (phar.phar) in auto mode Creating config file /etc/php/7.3/cli/php.ini with new version Progress: [ 90%] [#############################################################################………] Creating config file /etc/php/7.3/apache2/php.ini with new version Module mpm_event disabled. Enabling module mpm_prefork. apache2_switch_mpm Switch to prefork Setting up php7.3 (7.3.31-1~deb10u1) … Setting up php (2:7.3+69) … Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.5-2) … Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.28-10) … root@ns100:~# Konfigurasi HTTP Seting VirtualHost root@ns100:~# cd /etc/apache2/sites-available/ root@ns100:/etc/apache2/sites-available# ls 000-default.conf default-ssl.conf root@ns100:/etc/apache2/sites-available# cp 000-default.conf sekolah100.conf root@ns100:/etc/apache2/sites-available# nano sekolah100.conf < *:80> # The ServerName directive sets the request scheme, hostname and port that # value is not decisive as it is used as a last resort host regardless. # However, you must set it for any further virtual host explicitly. #ServerName www.example.com ServerName sekolah100.sch.id ServerAlias www.sekolah100.sch.id ServerAdmin haryadi@sekolah100.sch.id DocumentRoot /var/www/html/http # Available loglevels: trace8, …, trace1, debug, info, notice, warn, # modules, e.g. #LogLevel info ssl:warn ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined # For most configuration files from conf-available/, which are # after it has been globally disabled with “a2disconf”. #Include conf-available/serve-cgi-bin.conf </VirtualHost> # vim: syntax=apache ts=4 sw=4 sts=4 sr noet Jangan lupa untuk menyimpan perubahan konfigurasi dengan menekan Ctrl+x kemudian tekan y lalu Enter root@ns100:/etc/apache2/sites-available# mkdir /var/www/html/http root@ns100:/etc/apache2/sites-available# nano /var/www/html/http/index.html <p><h1>HTTP</h1></p> <p><h2>http://192.168.100.1</h2></p> <p><h2>http://sekolah100.sch.id</h2></p> root@ns100:/etc/apache2/sites-available# a2dissite 000-default.conf Site 000-default disabled. To activate the new configuration, you need to run: systemctl reload apache2 root@ns100:/etc/apache2/sites-available# a2ensite sekolah100.conf Enabling site sekolah100. To activate the new configuration, you need to run: systemctl reload apache2 root@ns100:/etc/apache2/sites-available# /etc/init.d/apache2 restart [ ok ] Restarting apache2 (via systemctl): apache2.service. Pengujian Web Server (HTTP) di client Gbr.06 Web Server (HTTP)mengunakan IP Address Gbr.07 Web Server (HTTP)mengunakan Nama Domain Konfigurasi HTTPS root@ns100:/etc/apache2/sites-available# cd /etc/ssl/private/ root@ns100:/etc/ssl/private# openssl genrsa -aes128 -out sekolah100.key 2048 Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus (2 primes) ………………………………………………………………+++++ ……………………………..+++++ e is 65537 (0x010001) Enter pass phrase for sekolah100.key: root123 Verifying – Enter pass phrase for sekolah100.key: root123 root@ns100:/etc/ssl/private# openssl rsa -in sekolah100.key -out sekolah100.key Enter pass phrase for sekolah100.key: root123 writing RSA key root@ns100:/etc/ssl/private# openssl req -new -days 365 -key sekolah100.key -out sekolah100.csr Ignoring -days; not generating a certificate You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there